In dankba- rer Erinnerung greife ich hier eines seiner Themen auf. Das Tontafelarchiv enthielt unter anderem eine Auflistung von Waren, zum Teil sogar mit ihrem Warenwert. In der Mitte des So tragen sie sog. Die Barren sind ein Produkt, 4 Wachsmann Elfenbein ist dagegen eine afrikanische Ware. XLII, A. Vergleichsweise gut dokumentiert ist der Handel im Vorderen Orient.
Quellen aus Vorderasien, insbesondere aus 9 Foster Schiffe wurden an Land gezogen. Kydonia, heute Chania, ist bisher zu wenig erforscht. Oder haben sie sich zu Handelsexpeditionen zusammenge- schlossen? Das alles wissen wir nicht. Vermutlich waren die Minoer im Flotten- verband unterwegs. Rekonstruktionen minoischer Schiffe aufgrund von bildlichen Darstellungen auf Siegeln geben Ruder- und Segelschiffe wieder, die bis zu 16 m lang waren, mit einem Tiefgang von lediglich 0,70 m.
Pro Schiff wurden 15 Mann Besatzung veranschlagt, die die Fracht an einem Tag gela- den haben konnten. Dynastie belegt.
Siehe Erman — Grapow , Guttandin c H. Vermutlich waren die minoischen Handelsschiffe Segler, die auch gerudert werden konnten. In den Wintermonaten waren und sind auch heute noch die Bedingungen im Mittelmeer unwirtlich und es wurden wohl keine Reisen unternommen.
Dazu wehte der Wind nicht immer aus der gleichen Richtung. Die meiste Zeit weht der Wind jedoch aus verschiedenen, nicht vorhersehbaren Richtungen. Daher besteht eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass minoische Schiffe Grenzposten passieren mussten. Faist , — Auch in der Bronzezeit war Zeit kostbar s. Die Kamose-Stele aus der Mitte des Sollte dies der Zielhafen gewesen sein, dann war die Reise vermutlich nicht sehr lang.
Direkt nachweisbar ist die Anwesenheit eines solchen Minoers allerdings nicht. In 35 Dercksen , Daniel Wu may only be a bit player here, but his charisma and coolness oozes of the screen. Add to that a wonderful cinematography and you could do far worse here.
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Edit page. See the full list. Most Anticipated Movies Coming in Anyway, it is a pity that no individual data was published for each burial and we had no access to the skeletons, or to their anthropological documentation, which is hosted by the "Francisc Rainer" Institute of Anthropology in Bucharest.
By the variability, which appeared for the mandibles, but also for the stature of the skeletons, we could realize that the respective series is not homogeneous at all, as mentioned by Georgescu. In this sense could also plead the cranial data, not to mention the funerary ritual, which included supine skeletons, others with various degrees of crouching, but also crema- tion burials, which, in our opinion, would indicate a mixture of populations.
Burial Position of Sex or age "Single" orientation crt. When we take a look at the orientation of the burials27, we can see that some of the individuals had a "single" meaning singular orientation, when comparing them with the other burials in the cemetery. What is interesting to observe is the fact that some of the burials were done at the same moment, in one, or two, of the horizons.
This, indeed, would question their real existence, as, if a difference in time would have existed, a difference in the moment of burials would have been also noticed.
The burials with a "single" orientation are possible. If we take a look at the first two horizons of burials, there are no significant dif- ferences almost all of the skeletons had their heads oriented towards the West see Fig.
The first of them was encompassed between 60 degrees burial no. For the second group there is a variation between degrees burial no. The third group, with the "package" burials, had the skeletons with their heads towards the East.
The orientation for this last group had varied between 20? Therefore, we could say that these people were interred around the summer solstice, at the sunrise. There are 10 men, a woman and 2 children. The woman , a child 26 and three men 24, 25 and 57 had fallen aut- Fig. On the other hand, we mention that, if we could consider that burials no.
Three of the burials, namely burials no. Towards the period around the summer solstice at sunrise azimuth 55 degrees the "package" ones were oriented, while the others were aligned towards around sum- mer solstice at sunset azimuth degrees.
Some of them were within the solar arc, while others were outside of it. For instance, burials no. The others, burials no. Burial no. Investigating the astronomical orientation at Cemetery No.
Two burials are aligned along main axes, namely M4 was directed to the rising Sun at Summer solstice and M3 was headed to the East Fig. Let us mention, that in the Neolithic time the regular watching of the sky was a vital preoccupation for agricultural communities We can also remark, that astro- nomical knowledge raising due to the needs of the agricultural societies to predict the beginning of the seasons using the rising or setting of some special bright stars Notable are the burnt stones, slabs present in some graves and around some skeletons.
Moreover, we modelled numerically the cemetery no. The modelled map of the cemetery no. Conclusion In this contribution, we had used just the information provided by the pub- lished archaeological and anthropological research about two cemeteries of the Mon- teoru Culture, in order to infer some archaeoastronomical data. What we could really say is that we have just a piece of limited information but, most probably, the archaeological horizons established by Al.
The first group 1st Horizon , seems to have been grouped around the winter solstices, at sunset. From 21 burials, 7 have azimuths between and degrees, falling outside the solar arc.
The second group 2nd Horizon is situated between West degrees and North degrees. There are 21 burials in this group of which 5 fall outside the solar arc.
A clear conclusion that could be drawn refers to the fact that this community had buried its dead around the summer solstice. Did they preserve their deceased per- sons until those dates? No, it was not possible. Perhaps, they had some terrain marks. Another possibility would have been the one of making signs on the stones or raising pillars, and this might have also given some errors in the orientation of the burial.
This was determined, of course, by their religious beliefs Therefore, they had no regular solar cult, in which they would have oriented their dead towards the Sun because the skeletons are not distrib- uted inside of the solar arc This situation was even more complicated as long as they venerated the Sun on its culmination summer solstice and had grouped their deceased people around that spot at sunrise and at sunset too.
This is an awkward situation, determined by the "package" burials. They were also grouped towards a margin of the necropolis, being separated some- how, from the others. This could also mean that they were not locals but, we could not say that for sure, as we have no reliable and individual anthropological data. Moreover, four skeletons are oriented towards the sunrise, inside the eastern solar arc: M3 autumn, or spring, equinox , M4 summer solstice , M8 before, or after 1 month of winter solstice , M9 before, or after 1 month from the summer solstice.
We mention that those framed in the solar arc are adult people and one child e. The use of the terrain markers, hilltops on the horizon and time markers is also possible solstice, equinox, cardinal points. The place chosen for the cemetery surrounded by hilltops, water, salt, stone, indicate be- liefs in the power of nature.
The major directions were very significant for every ancient people from all over the world. We intend to continue this research in the necropolises from the Monteoru cul- ture.
In this way, for further archaeoastronomical studies some new avenues would be opened by the study of other skeletons and their burials. Socecu, , pp. I, Ed. This still well-preserved site has been scarcely researched, some of its constituent elements being preserved on the surface of the soil.
The true greatness of the site can be seen when someone consults satellite images of the area and identifies a series of concentric circular precincts that stretch over several tens of hectares. On this form of relief, rich in prehistoric remains, just a brief investigation has been made from an archaeological point of view. Its terraces develop in the form of fans, the largest of which is the Lipovu Terrace. In this southern area of the Oltenia Plain, there are numerous loessoid deposits.
From a geological point of view, the deposits of the Levantine age, repre- sented by marble and clay that form the impermeable blanket, are found at the base4. In , fol- lowing a collaboration protocol concluded between the Dolj County Directorate for Culture D. On this occasion, the team that carried out the field diagnosis also prepared a short archaeological report signed by the archaeologist dr.
The location «4 km north of the church Urzica Mare» is correct. The site is on arable land and is affected by agricultural work, especially plowing. In con-clusion, all the mentioned sites, i.
Date: December Prepared by Dr. The report was also illustrated by a set of images that captures the situation on the ground in Fig. Having reached this point, we ex- tend our gratitude to our colleagues at D. Dolj and the Museum of Oltenia Craiova for making these materials available to us. Here are the conclusions from the technical documentation made available at the D. Dolj and the Museum of Oltenia Craiova.
Dolj and the Oltenia Museum Craiova. The plan was executed in the Stereographic Projection System , the elevations of the points being in the Black Sea Reference System. The location and delimitation plan was drawn up at a scale of , based on the coordinates of the points collected in the field with the Magellan GPS de- vice, with the mention that the overlap on the orthophotoplan from Trapezul , provided by OCPI Dolj, does not cover the measured area.
The surface calculation was done by geometric calculation methods and verified in the CivilCad program. Prepared by Prof. To the east of the village, the Drumul Mare road passed, a pathway which went from the Danube to the mountains An interesting piece of information about this com- ponent locality of U.
Later, in the 20th cen-tury, the site is also indicated on the army's firing guidelines. Here, a necropolis from the first Iron Age from the early period was identified as having a medieval cemetery from the second half of the fourteenth century12 super-imposed on it. The place where this site is located is a low plateau of an almost round shape, with a diameter of m.
This site is protected by a circular wave of earth and in its southern part, there are two large ditches. On the east side of the site, the ditch and the wave are interrupted on a piece of approx. The researches from , consisting of four ditches made on the north and west sides, cap- tured a stratigraphic profile Fig. Fragments of coal discovered in the ditch indicate the existence of a palisade. By sectioning, the wave provided the technical details used by the builders to build this structure Thus, a layer of calcareous soil was arranged on the ground, which was compacted and leveled on a width of 9 m.
Three parallel rows of slabs and tiles line up along the wave. The first two rows, located on the outside of the wave, at a distance of approx. Over the two component outer structures of the wave and in the space up to the inner row was placed earth mixed with calcareous concretions. The inner row of arrow stone was not covered and served as a parapet.
A slope that descends smoothly over a length of 4 m, starting from the outer edge of the wave and a funnel-shaped ditch, 17 m wide and 1. In the archaeological campaign of , the researches were continued, but this time on the southwest side of the fortification Fig.
The identified nuclei of housing are also near the defense wave. The same calcareous core is in the middle of the wave, this time destroyed by plowing. In this sector of the fortification only the inner belt is preserved, the outer one, made of slabs being destroyed. Two complexes, identified by C. The floor, made of beaten earth with stones in it, the walls worked in a cobweb sys- tem, the missing fireplaces; indicate a modest type of construction.
The recovered ar- chaeological inventory consisted of flint blades and coarse and fine ceramics. The identified ceramic forms, having the same type of material as those in the northern section, were jar vessels, supply vessels, winged support vessels, urns with bitronconic bodies, vessels with straight walls etc.
And this archaeological inventory was attributed by C. The fact that Gh. Checking the few published data about the research of this site22 we found the existence of a plate with an archaeological inventory consisting of tools and ceramics.
The first four pieces are fragmentary flint tools that the author says are from early Hallstatt, but may as well be Eneolithic. The shape of the bowls Fig. Therefore, there are reservations regarding the chronological and cultural clas- sification of this site, which should be verified by new archaeological research.
We find the ceramic fragment from no. Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Lisichniki, reg. Ternopol, Ukraine, Shelestovo-Tupcha, reg. With a width of the facings between 0. It seems that the third facing had the mission of supporting an access ramp and has similarities to Shelestovo-Tupcha. Near the site with concentric fortified precincts, there are, to the South-West, two necropolises: one of them being a tumular necropolis belong- ing to the same Hallstatt period, so contemporary to the studied site, and the other being related to the medieval period.
Similar circular precincts have been recorded in the Oltenia Plain. This first nucleus could later become a kind of "prehistoric acropolis" or, why not, "astronomical observatory". We can imagine that the civilization that built such precincts could not have done this in the absence of a certain founding rite or a cosmogonic myth and, why not, even a cult of the founding hero the case of large tombs in the immediate vicinity and even inside the premises.
Under these conditions, it is not excluded the existence of a rectangular temple-megaron type construction, or ritual altars inside this first forti- fied nucleus. This can explain, for example, the existence of houses without fireplaces. We can assimilate these houses of a hut type with a single room to rooms of worship attached to the possible temple around which there may have been ritual fireplaces on the outside.
However, if we refer to the enclosures outside the v1b wave precinct 2 and precinct 3 , it is hard to believe that the effort to fortify such large areas could have been made in the case of a temporary shelter-type settlement, as speculated in older studies of this archaeological site, in the absence of excavations and research of these two areas. Therefore, considering these aspects, in addition, to which we also add the existence of a necropolis of relatively large dimensions and the proximity of arable land and drinking water, we propose the hypothesis of a continuous habitation of this settlement.
The dwell- ings, grade 1 constructions, will be placed along main access roads that radially cross the settlement and branch off into secondary roads and meeting spaces around larger grade 2 constructions.
In order to have a more accurate picture, we propose, by analogy, the assimilation of houses and the alleged temple to known cases from about the same period. As- suming larger openings of the rafters, we can imagine that the temple could have had vertical supports of the frame in the form of additional rows of wooden columns, sup- plementary to those embedded in the perimeter walls.
Archaeologial inventory Traces of a house were identified in the northern part of the site, at a distance of approx. This structure, the shape of which could not be iden- tified, had no interior fireplace and no floor.
An external fireplace was found 4. Other agglomerations similar to adobe, household waste and ceramics, also located near the wave, are assimilated by C. Coarse vessels made of a mixture of clay, pebbles and crushed pottery were recovered. The colour of the ceramic is brick or black. Among the forms identified, C. Fine pottery was also found in a much smaller proportion.
Black in colour, it appears in the form of urn vessels, bowls, bowls, bowls, cups, cups etc. The grooved pottery is present and inside the vessels are covered with a whitish-grey layer.
Among the discoveries made, two bronze pieces stand out, a fragment of a bracelet and a Rollen- kopfnadel type needle A clear presentation of the chronological relations of the first early Iron Age for the Oltenia region cannot be made yet. It is obvious that at the time when investi- gations of this archaeological site were carried out, the author of the research surprised only a small part of the site, not realizing its size.
The descriptions seem to refer to the bastion area, the two concentric rings and the defense wave visible on the satellite image and marked by us with no. Between the wave no. As it is not visible on other satellite sources, we agreed not to integrate it into the discussion in this preliminary study, future research and new satellite images can bring new data about this secondary element.
Not even the last and largest enclosure, delimited by wave no. Measurements made by us on satellite image on the two concentric circular en- closures indicate a diameter of approx. Probably C. Between the first and second wave of defense is a distance of approx. As to the gate, which C. One of the findings made after reading the two studies dedicated by C.
As there are several waves of defense four in number identified by us, two of which are circular, acting as a bastion, and two others that do not belong to the same register , it is possible that the entire building was not erected at the same time. Another observation is the one related to the structure identified with the name of the house.
The lack of the inner fireplace suggests a different destination of that complex than the living one. It is obvious that in the winter you could not stay in those structures without a heat source.
The ceramic figures both by shape and by the alveolus or notched decoration, arranged in horizontal belts immediately below the edge of the vessel or a little below indicate an Eneolithic tradition Fig. The first presentation of the site by C. Around it, at a distance of approx. This new structure is at a distance of approx. To the west, at a distance of approx.
To the southwest, at a distance of approx. A large number of mounds in the area also indicates the existence of a necrop- olis that seems to be closely related to the circular enclosures listed during this study.
We do not rule out the possibility that this large complex may have been the centre of ritual ceremonies of the communities in the area. This inner part is surrounded by a cir- cular wave of defense about m in diameter. Concentric inner circles are located on the NW side of the circular centre circle and are not centred in the middle. Following a brief investigation, it was discovered that the wave of defense was severed. Its width is 8m, in front of it is the 5m wide berm.
The core of the wave is made of limestone. Two parallel belts were identified on the northwest side. The current wave height is approx. The ditch is 13 m wide and has a depth of approx. We mention that the locals confessed that in these waves of defense they found bones, pieces of clay, pots etc. The round precint is in the centre of the de- formed ellipse.
The shape of the precinct 3 is not accidentally drawn. Through modelling and mathematical analysis, we concluded that these irregularities are consistent with the main directions used, namely the NS direction, the summer and winter solstice direc- tions to the east and west, as well as the direction inclined north by 15 degrees to the east.
This last direction is related to the orientation towards the Danube, the largest river in the area which is about 25 km from the fortification. In this area, the Danube has a decrease of 15 degrees compared to the EW direction. Modelling the orientations listed above and the ideal ellipses related to these directions we noticed that the profile, the outer contour of these ellipses resembles the irregular shape of the precinct 3.
So, we think that the irregular shape of the precinct 3 is not accidental but well thought out and drawn in the basic directions Fig. MATLAB uses the Sym- bolic Math Toolbox which is a group of symbolic mathematical tools used to create and operate with symbolic mathematical expressions.
In the first step through the set of starting points read from Fig. In our numerical program- ming, the mathematical method of the smallest squares was used, this application de- termines the simplest coefficients of a mathematical function that approximates a data set as well as possible.
In the next step, the program rotates the ideal ellipse, using ap- propriate trigonometric equations, in the NS directions with the blue diagonal , in the solstice directions with the red diagonal and the 15 degrees direction to the NNE and NNW with the green diagonal , as well as the concentric circles inside and the central circular circle Fig.
Let us notate that the locals probably used standard lengths to build the for- tification. The outer irregular precinct was marked and drawn after directions, the irregular contour is sim- ilar to the modelled contour Fig. The four solstice directions two at east, and two at west measured on the horizon are the orientations of the extremity of the apparent motion of the Sun in a year. In these extremities solstices the Sun seems to stop for a few days and change direction on the horizon.
As we know, day and night are symbolic of life and death. These positional and solstice directions were important for a culture based on agriculture and animal husbandry.
In Romanian mythology, as well as of other peoples, the element of water is ubiquitous. Cosmogonic myths tell us about water as the fundamental matter from which the universe and life emerged. For our ancestors, water was a symbol of raw material, purification, and the source of life. Water as a pri- mordial essence from which all that is seen is born and in which they return by disso- lution such as the names from mythology, folklore: Living Water and Dead Water.
The Death Cult - the funeral rite is related to the concentric circles over which imaginarily drawing the positional directions we obtain the symbol of the Sun47 cross in a circle. From prehistoric times we find drawings with the symbol of the Sun on megaliths, such as constructions related to the worship of the Sun eg Stonehenge, Sar- mizegetusa Regia etc. The Sun Cult also represented by the symbol of the Sun, of the concentric cir- cles appears related to the tumulus, as well as to the burial.
This also emphasizes the fact that the tumulus under the concentric circles is placed on the line of the summer solstice at sunset. The worship of water as a symbol of purification eg water of the dead or as the source of life eg. As we know, the river Danube was revered by the Dacians. Before starting the battles, they drank from the water of the Danube, a river they considered a god.
The Romans brought numerous offerings to the Danube to win the goodwill of the river god. Water, light, circles are symbolically associated with the passing into eternity of souls.
Precinct 3 was marked and drawn according to the directions, so neither the irregular contour is random, nor the alignment of the site and the four gates. Even part of the archaeological inventory recovered through the summary research carried out in this site, and especially in the area of the first two precincts, shows sim- ilarities and traditions in Eneolithic and Bronze Age cultures. At first glance, this site can be seen as an "egg eye", which could symbolize a miraculous germ of life that hides in one of the essential enigmas of existence.
Boengiu, Sitech, Craiova, , pg. Laugier, Charles H. N, nr. Universitaria Craiova, , pg. XIII, , pp. Memoriu PUG. Sitech, Cra- iova, , pg. Arheologie-Istorie, vol. XXVII, , pp. XI, nr. Both pieces show textile traces, respectively a small textile fragment and a textile thread.
The influence of the archaeological environment, the relationship of the archaeological environment on textiles, the causality of degradation or conservation, soil components, microorganisms, the influence on organic material are some aspects we refer to and can positively or negatively influence their conservation.
The two case studies are ac- companied by a presentation of the archaeological context, photographs and advanced investigations. The investigations were carried out with the XRF Bruker Tracer 5i, ap- plication and the results confirm the share of the presence of elements such as Cu, Pb, Si. In the context of a close organic link in the soil textile, needle over a long period, we can also consider the influence of soil elements in insignificant quantities reported by this investigation process.
General considerations, the causes of the degradation of organic matter in the soil The archaeological environment in which it is possible to preserve a piece of fabric, a thread or sometimes even whole pieces depends on the context of burial, in nearby areas of the body due to decomposition processes, the acidity is high1. This can 1 M-Kiss, , p. The degrada- tion mechanisms of textiles are complex and essential in the conservation-restoration techniques applied after their discovery and the change of the environment from anaero- bic to aerobic.
The determining factors of the archaeological microclimate are temper- ature, relative humidity, acidic or alkaline soil pH and oxidation-reduction reactions, the presence of salts and the important presence of metals2.
In some situations certain factors can influence the preservation of textiles, sometimes they can accelerate their degradation. Animal-protein fibers have a good resistance in an acidic environment compared to those of vegetable-cellulose origin that have a good resistance in the alka- line environment. The presence of certain metals in the soil is a very important aspect as this can inhibit the activity of microorganism and thus slow down the degradation of textiles.
Burial media influences the decomposition of corpses, in a certain order: the rot of the soft parts followed by changes in the skeleton over time.
Autolytic pro- cesses are influenced by changes in environmental parameters: temperature, humidity, oxygen content. If the environment is humid, the decomposition process is faster than in the dry environment.
Microorganisms in the soil have a biochemical activity and represent a dynamic system, anaerobic conditions and soil pH are very important fac- tors in preserving the fibers in the soil. Favorable conditions for the preservation of textiles are influenced by the presence of metals in their immediate vicinity or direct contact with a metal object as in the situation of the two case studies.
If the corrosion products are absorbed by the fibers, a process takes place through which stiffening takes place forming a positive structure of the textile material. Another conservation situation occurs in the presence of silver and copper metal salts, inhibitors of micro- biological degradation3. Some researches were the subject of some publications, other valuable unpublished information did not see the light of day due to the disappearance of Fl.
Remetea Mare village does not have an official mapping of the archaeological sites in the area, a situation considered unfortunate from an archae- 2 Marian, , p. The destroyed site diagnosed by specialist archaeologists from UVT, revealed the existence of archaeological complexes, the presence of burial tombs from the Middle Ages.
The ribs, spine and pelvis were not pre- served. Skeleton position: laid on his back, head west, right hand flexed at the elbow, palm on the pelvis. The soil in which the bones and the needle were preserved is filled, it is black, clayey with different fragments of brick and mortar further intrusions Cut M Preliminary dating recorded by archaeologists is the Middle Ages.
The needle was found on the right side of the skull, in the area of the collarbone. The needle has a length of 5. It has a circular shape. The upper part has a stain made of small links made of woven textile thread. Also in this area there is an iron piece strongly oxidized.
There are many fragments of oxidized copper poor- ly preserved around the skull. On the skull, on the frontal bone to be exact, there is a band of green oxide printed on the bone. Remarks: In the area of the right hand south of the right hand there is an agglomeration of vertebrae and ribs. At the NEE near the right tibia there is an agglomeration of bones long bones, pelvis and a skull.
Part description, investigations The bronze needle has the following dimensions: length 5. The archaeolo- gical report mentioned the presence of a textile thread wrapped on the side of the drop- shaped element Fig. Following the investigations, the composition of the needle as well as the com- position of the thread wrapped on the side of the drop-shaped element resulted.
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