The other important feature, as discussed by Wiltshire and Harnsberger , is the occur- rence of many more pitch contours assigned to words in an intonational phrase than is normal in native English. The assignment of rising patterns in GE is very similar to that observed by Rajendran and Yegnanaraya However, two opposite cases claim our attention, namely, Gokhale and Latha O One shows tonality to be fairly similar to RP and the other shows it to be fairly different from RP.
The senses in which they are used are fairly similar to the senses in Marathi, and broadly in RP. The tonality of Malayalee English is obviously quite different from the tonality of RP. Notice that a simple Rise tone is virtually missing in Malayalee English, in which a Rise begins with a drop. This appears to be a general pattern in IndE, as pointed out above. In the theoret- ical framework used, prominence and alignment were seen as two separate U parameters of focus expressions.
The last two were not significant. More Both Hindi and IndE were found to align focus to the left of a phonological phrase roughly seen as an intermediate phonological constituent between a phonological word and an intonational phrase or unit; see Selkirk There are three phonological groups — a girl is, hitting the, and boy.
Studies on other varieties of IndE e. IndE pronunciation is seen today as a FS variant of English pronunciation. English in India has been seen more as a medium of higher education than as a O medium of mass literacy in India. It would appear that for this reason it has not been the focus of language policy in India. The attention of policy makers has been PR divided between the regional languages, the indigenous languages, and the offi- cial languages, Hindi and English.
The development of IndE is expected to take place as a natural system and a D living force. Its institutionalization is already taking roots, based on a general assumption about many of the common features among its variants, at both seg- TE mental and prosodic levels.
When we examine closely all these R common features, which also function as the acceptable features of pronunciation O for the speakers of the regional varieties of Indian English, strongly suggest GIE to be a contact variety Pandey C There is evidence for its institutionalization beginning to take place in language technology research that already recognizes IndE pronunciation, e.
Studies such as these in the field of automatic gen- U eration of IndE speech provide useful insights into the similarities and differences between native English and IndE pronunciation.
Thus Kumar et al. Of these, The figures described here are for pronunciation lexicon at the word level. It should be obvious by now that the difference is expected to widen at the level of sentence prosody. The considerations, however, have been found to be explicit on the segmental aspect of pronunciation, but lacking in a definite O form on the prosodic aspect.
Following this discrepancy in its description, the segmental and the prosodic elements of pronunciation in GIE were presented in separate sections. The current trend towards the stability of IndE was taken up for PR a brief deliberation in the end. For lack of space it was not possible to delve into certain aspects of IndE pronunciation, such as regional variation in the realization of segments, given the wide variety of the substrata and the organization of the sound system in terms of markedness considerations.
These are desiderata for D future research. English Speech Rhythm and Agnihotri, R. In: Swan. English in India: Issues and Problems, R. Allardyce, A.
The City of Sunshine. U Gupta and K. Kapoor eds. Academic Foundations. Annamalai, E. Contexts of Agnihotri, R. India: English in multilingualism. In: Language in South India.
Kachru, Y. Kachru, and Languages and Linguistics, R. Singh ed. Sridhar eds. Cambridge University Press. Orthography as Bingham, K. The intonation of Hindi underlying representation: a study of function words.
MA thesis, University the vocalic phonology of R. English within the framework of Chaudhury, S. Some aspects of the generative phonology. MLitt phonology of Indian English. Auer, P. The Sound System of Indian possible? A study of the role of prosody English, Monograph 7, Hyderabad: in phonological typology.
Coelho, G. Prosodic features in Indian a nativized variety of Indian English. English: stress, rhythm and intonation. Language and Society 26, — Journal of Phonetics Balasubramanian, T. The vowels of 51— O Tamil and English: a study in contrast.
Dauer, R. Paper PR Balasubramanian, T. A phonological Newsletter 14— Litt Balasubramanian, T. D Tamil. Journal of Phonetics 8: — Dobson, E. English Pronunciation Balasubramanian, T.
Bombay: Macmillan Publishers Dyrud, L. The prosody of focus and givenness in Bansal, R. Studies in Phonetics Hindi and Indian English. The pronunciation of English, vol. Edgar, R of English in India. In: Studies in the E. Schneider, and B. Kortmann eds. Gimson, Gruyter. Ramsaran ed. Language issues in the C Routledge. Bansal, R. Accent, Dordrecht: Foris. Gimson, A. In: English Bhatia, T. Pronouncing Dictionary, London: Edward Language in media and advertising.
In: Arnold. Language in South Asia, B. Goffin, R. Some Notes on Indian Kachru, and S. Tract No. Clarendon Press. Second Keane, E. Publishing Company. Gumperz, J. Discourse Strategies, Khan, N. MLitt dissertation, Hyderabad. Kumar, R. O Harnsberger, J. So thank you again for an article like this. Have you ever used grammar checker tools like Grammarly or correctmysentence. Thank you for your time! Thanks for stopping by and sharing your challenges with me!
I believe one needs to constantly communicate with native English speakers in order to learn and improve quickly. There are many free tools which can help you improve your grammar and vocabulary gradually. Just Google it. Hope this helps. This is the most common and annoying error South Indians make. Your email address will not be published. Pro Tip : Questions tags are tag questions which are added to the end of declarative statements. Note : Question tags can be different based on nature of the questions asked and intention behind the questions.
Hello Barbara, Thanks for stopping by and sharing your challenges with me! Newer Comments ». The plural of that is those. Use those for things or people at a distance. Examples You can purchase these dresses now. Later, we may not visit the same mall. I will purchase those dresses next week when I visit the mall. Rule Wait on means to serve. Wait for means waiting for someone or something. Examples A maid was appointed to wait on her.
The children are waiting for their parents. Rule Run is an irregular verb. Simple past of run: ran Past participle of run: run The above sentence is present perfect so past participle run has to be used.
Examples She runs every day. She ran yesterday. They have run every day this week. Rule Suppose is a verb. Its past participle form is -ed. With a helping verb, its past participle form is used.
Examples I am supposed to call her. I am supposed to help her. Correct : Let him go there Rule After let pronoun is used in the objective form. Examples Let him call her. Let her try. Correct : The person who we met yesterday was Smith's uncle. Rule Who is used to refer to the subject of a sentence.
Whom is used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition. Ask yourself the question: Who called me? OR Whom called me? If the answer is he, then who is correct. If the answer is him, then whom is correct. So, who called me is the right option. Examples Who is the team leader? He is Who ate my sandwich? He has Whom should I call? Call him We, you, they Incorrect : You, they and we should go together. Correct : We, you and they should go together. Rule First use personal plural we , followed by second person plural you , and the third person plural they.
Correct : They both love each other. Rule Each other is used for two persons. One another is used for three or more people. Examples The two brothers love each other. His family members love one another. Correct : Mathematics is his favourite subject. Rule The plural verb are does not agree with the singular subject Mathematics.
There are some nouns that appear to be plural but in actual they are singular. Examples Robotics is the emerging branch of engineering. She thinks Physics is a difficult subject. Know Incorrect : I know to drive a car. Correct : I know how to drive a car. Rule Know is generally followed by how, when, where and why. Examples They know how to write a letter. She knows how to cook. Past tense in subordinate clause Incorrect : She succeeded because she works hard.
Correct : She succeeded because she worked hard. Rule A past tense in the main clause is followed by a past tense in a subordinate clause. Example I visited the restaurant as I liked it. He tried my number because he felt helpless. Universal truth Incorrect : My father said the earth moved round the sun. Correct : My father said the earth moves round the sun.
Rule In the case of a universal truth, a past tense in the main clause can be followed by a present tense in a subordinate clause. Example Our teacher said the sun rises in the east. Present perfect continuous tense Incorrect : I am waiting for you in the office for the last two hours.
Correct : I have been waiting for you in the office for the last two hours. Rule Use Present Perfect Continuous Tense when an action began in the past and it is still going on at the time of speaking. Generally, it is used with adverbs of time for, since, how long. Examples How long have you been working as a trainer? Future Indefinite Tense Incorrect : I will wait for them, till they will finish their work. Correct : I will wait for them, till they finish their work. Rule Present Indefinite Tense is used in the clause of time, place and position.
Future Indefinite Tense is not used in this case. Past Indefinite Tense. Incorrect : I have completed my project yesterday. Correct : I completed my project yesterday. Examples My mother bought a gift for me yesterday.
We visited Agra last week. Correct : Can I borrow some money? Rule Some is used in questions for making a request or for offering something. Any is generally used in negative sentences. Examples Would you like some milk? Comparing two qualities of the same person.
Incorrect : Jack is wiser than strong. Correct : Jack is more wise than strong. Rule The comparative in -er is not used while comparing two qualities of the same person or thing. Example Rohit is wiser than brave. Correct : She is senior to me. Rule To is the right preposition to use with senior Phrasal Verb Incorrect : Smith came across with a beggar. Correct : Smith came across a beggar. Rule Came across is a phrasal verb which means happened to see or spot. So, use of with is unnecessary here.
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